Resumen
Introducción: las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, el Parkinson y la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, son una preocupación de salud pública a nivel mundial. A pesar de los avances en la comprensión de estas patologías, los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes siguen siendo en gran parte desconocidos.
Objetivo: esta revisión sistemática busca resumir las evidencias sobre el papel de los piRNAs en la patogénesis de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y su potencial como biomarcadores diagnósticos y terapéuticos.
Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las guías PRISMA. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios, estudios de cohortes y de casos y controles que se centraran en piRNAs en enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Se extrajeron datos de PubMed y ScienceDirect entre los años 2009 y 2024.
Resultados: once estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Estos estudios subrayan la desregulación de los piRNAs en enfermedades como Alzheimer, Parkinson y esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, sugiriendo que los piRNAs influyen en los mecanismos de la enfermedad a través del mantenimiento de la estabilidad genómica, la regulación de elementos transponibles y la degradación de proteínas. Varios piRNAs, como piR-hsa-92056, surgieron como biomarcadores con precisión diagnóstica.
Discusión: la evidencia destaca el papel crucial de los piRNAs en la neurodegeneración. Estudios mecanísticos revelan que la disfunción de los piRNAs puede desencadenar cascadas de inestabilidad genómica que culminan en la muerte neuronal. Los piRNAs emergen como valiosos objetivos terapéuticos y biomarcadores en enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
Conclusiones: los piRNAs tienen el potencial de ser herramientas terapéuticas y diagnósticas innovadoras en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Se debe priorizar el desarrollo de intervenciones basadas en piRNAs para prevenir la neurodegeneración.
Citas
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