Abstract
Dystonia may be defined as movement disorder characterized by an abnormal posture of a one or various segments of the body. This review will focus in the state-of-the art classification and diagnostic clues to bring us closer to understand this syndrome.
References
Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman S, DeLong M, Fahn S, Fung V, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013;28(7):863-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25475
Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A, Kurland LT, Melton LJ. Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord. 1988;3(3):188-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870030302
Giron LT, Koller WC, Tanner CM. Epidemiology of dystonic disorders. En: Tsui JKC, Calne DB. (Eds.). Handbook of dystonia. Marcel Dekker, New York 1995;103-14.
Phukan J, Albanese A, Gasser T, Warner T. Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(12):1074-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70232-0
Steeves T, Day L, Dykerman J, et al. The prevalence of primary Dystonia: A systematic review and Meta-analisis. Mov Disord. 2012;27(14):1789-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25244
Solano JM, Isaza SP, Rendon A, Buritica O. Prevalence of Dystonia in Antioquia, Colombia. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(2):137-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443834
Giménes Roldan S. Distonia de torsión primaria. En: Trastornos del Movimiento 2a. Edición. Vol. II 2008:911-941.
Nijmeijer S, Koelman J, Kamphuis DJ, Tijssen MA. Muscle selection for treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin - A systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(6):731-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.005
Fahn S. Clinical variants of idiopathic torsión dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;(supp 1):96-100.
Fahn S. The varied clinical expressions of dystonia. Neurol Clin. 1984;2(3):541-54.
Fish DR, Sawyers D, Allen PJ et al. The effect of sleep on the dyskinetic movement of Parkinsons disease, and torsión dystonia. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(2):210-14.
Lim EC, Seet RC, Wilder-Smith EP, Ong BK. Dystonia gravidarium: A new entity?. Mov Disord. 2006;21(1):69-70.
Kutvonen O, Dastidar P, Nurmikko T. Pain in spamodic torticollis. Pain. 1997;69:279-286.
Blunt SB, Fuller G, Kennard C, Brooks D. Orolingual dystonia with tip of the tongue geste. Mov Disord. 1994;9(14):466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870090417
Muller J, Wissel T, Masuhr F, Ebersbach G, Wenning GK, Poewe W. Clinical characteristics of the geste antagoniste in cervical dystonia. J Neurol. 2001;248(6):478-82.
Lou JS, Jankovic J. Essential Tremor: Clinical correlates in 350 patients. Neurology. 1991;41:234-38.
Stone LA, Jankovic J. The coexistence of tics and dystonia. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(8):862-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1991.00530200104028
Dalvi A, Ford B, Fahn S, Dystonic storms. Mov Disord. 1998;13:611-612.
Ashour R, Jankovic J. Joint and skeletal deformities in Parkinson s disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):1856-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21058
Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman S, DeLong M, Herz E, Fahn S, Fung V, et al. Phenomenology and Classification of Dystonia: A Consensus Update. Mov Disord.2013;26(7):863-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25475
Greene PE, Kang UJ, Fahn S. Spread of symptoms in idiophatic torsión dystonia. Mov Disord. 1995;10(2):143-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100204
Albanese A, Barnes M, Bhatia K, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Filippini G, Gasser T, et al. A sistematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus síndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(5):433-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01537.x
Munchau A, Filipovic SR, Oester-Barkey A, et al. Spontaneously changing muscular activation pattern in patient with cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2001;16:1091-97.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.