Resumen
Se revisó desde una perspectiva biológica y clínica el compromiso del olfato por déficit neurológico pos traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC), para concientizar a la comunidad científica sobre la importancia de la relación de este déficit y su impacto en la vida diaria.
Se hizo una revisión narrativa de tema sobre las bases biológicas, fisiológicas y clínicas, y el impacto en la vida diaria del olfato. Se revisó la literatura sobre el estado del arte actual.
El sistema olfativo es una parte esencial de la fisiología humana y juega un papel crítico en la salud y el comportamiento, por ello su alteración conlleva a la afectación en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, que implica consecuencias físicas y/o psicológicas. Las opciones de rehabilitación del olfato son escazas o nulas, y existe poca literatura a nivel clínico, derivado del subdiagnóstico; además, la complejidad biológica para la evaluación, diagnóstico y rehabilitación del olfato posterior a lesión neurológica y/o otorrinolaringológica dificulta las estrategias de manejo. Los procesos de rehabilitación neurológica del olfato son un tema de potencial desarrollo que requiere del trabajo conjunto entre las neurociencias básicas y clínicas.
Citas
LUCENA J, SUBIRANA M, PLANCHAT L, CUQUERELLA A. Valoración médico-forense del daño cerebral traumático. Rev Esp Neuropsicol. 2001;3(1-2):95-130.
DAN L. LONGO, ANTHONY S. FAUCI, DENNIS L. KASPER, STEPHEN L. HAUSER, J. LARRY JAMESON, JOSEPH LOSCALZO. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 18th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2005. Available from: http://64.76.85.197:2594/content.aspx?aID=9096912&searchStr=smell+perception#9096912.
ALLAN H. ROPPER, MARTIN A. SAMUELS. Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness. In: Adams & Victor's Principles of Neurology [Internet]. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2005. p. 271. Available from: http://64.76.85.197:2594/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=54.
ANTHONY L. MESCHER. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas. In: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas [Internet]. McGraw-Hill; 2010. Available from: http://64.76.85.197:2594/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=15.
FUSARI A, MOLINA J A. Olfato, envejecimiento fisiológico y enfermedades neurodegenerativas: I. Anatomía y exploración clínica. Rev Neurol. 2009; 49(6):321-26.
PARMA V, STRAULINO E, ZANATTO D, CANTAGALLO A, TIRINDELLI R, CASTIELLO U. Implicit olfactory abilities in traumatic brain injured patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012;34(9):977-88.
GIZA CC, HOVDA DA. The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery. 2014;75, Suppl 4:S24-33.
GUDZIOL V, HOENCK I, LANDIS B, PODLESEK D, BAYN M, HUMMEL T. The impact and prospect of traumatic brain injury on olfactory function: a cross-sectional and prospective study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2014;271(6):1533-40.
SCHOFIELD PW, MOORE TM, GARDNER A. Traumatic brain injury and olfaction: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2014;5(número):5.
GIL-CARCEDO LM, GIL-CARCEDO E, VALLEJO VALDEZATE LA, GAYOSO RODRÍGUEZ MJ. Anatomofisiología y trastornos de la olfacción. In: Tratado de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello. Madrid: Médica Panamericana; 2007. p. 517-50.
YOUSEM D, GECKLE R, BILKER V. Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: MR and clinical evaluation. Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;6(número):1171-9.
ANIL K. LALWANI. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. 3rd ed. Lange.
LAWRENCE R. LUSTING, JOSHUA S. SCHINDLER. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 52nd ed. McGraw-Hill;falta mencionar año y páginas.
VARNEY N. Prognostic significance of anosmia in patients with closed-head trauma. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1988;2(número):250-1.
BUSTAMANTE J. El olfato y el gusto. In: falta mencionar el editor de libro. Neuroanatomía funcional y clínica. 4th ed. Celsus; 2007. p. 413-5.
WAXMAN S. Sistema límbico. In: Neuroanatomía Clínica. 26th ed. México: Lange; 2010. p. 229-39.
KRISTMAN VL, BORG J, GODBOLT AK, SALMI LR, CANCELLIERE C, CARROLL LJ, ET AL. Methodological issues and research recommendations for prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Mar;95(3 Suppl):S265-277.
REIS C, WANG Y, AKYOL O, HO WM, II RA, STIER G, ET AL. What's New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(6):11903-65.
Navarro Restrepo CE, Scholtz Gonzalez H. Neurocirugia para medicos generales. Volumen. Edición. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia; 2006.
WILLIAMS OH, TALLANTYRE EC, ROBERTSON NP. Traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, clinical outcome and treatment. J Neurol. 2015 May;262(5):1394-6.
FAUL M, XU L, WALD M, CORONADO VIG. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. Emergency Departament Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002-2006. [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010 [cited 2014 May 10]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf.
GUZMÁN F. Fisiopatología del trauma craneoencefálico. Colombia Médica. 2008;39(3):78-84.
SCHOLTZ GONZÁLEZ H. Trauma encefalocraneano. In: editor literario del libro. Neurocirugía para médicos generales. Edición. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquía; 2006. p. 206-61.
ELDER GA, GAMA SOSA MA, DE GASPERI R, STONE JR, DICKSTEIN DL, HAGHIGHI F, ET AL. Vascular and inflammatory factors in the pathophysiology of blast-induced brain injury. Front Neurol. 2015;6(número):48.
GYONEVA S, RANSOHOFF RM. Inflammatory reaction after traumatic brain injury: therapeutic potential of targeting cell-cell communication by chemokines. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(7):471-80.
STEPHENS JR, HOLMES S, EVANS BT. Applied anatomy of the anterior cranial fossa: what can fracture patterns tell us?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 ;45(3):275-8.
BURSTEIN F, COHEN S, HUDGINS R, BOYDSTON W. Frontal basilar trauma: classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99(5):1314-1321-1323.
PATEL RM, PINTO JM. Olfaction: anatomy, physiology, and disease. Clin Anat N Y N. 2014;27(1):54-60.
HAVLICEK J, ROBERTS SC. MHC-correlated mate choice in humans: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(4):497-512.
WYART C, WEBSTER WW, CHEN JH, WILSON SR, MCCLARY A, KHAN RM, ET AL. Smelling a Single Component of Male Sweat Alters Levels of Cortisol in Women. J Neurosci. 20077;27(6):1261-5.
JACOB S, GARCÍA S, HAYREH D, MCCLINTOCK MK. Psychological effects of musky compounds: Comparison of androstadienone with androstenol and muscone. Horm Behav. 2002;42(número):274-83.
DOUCET S, SOUSSIGNAN R, SAGOT P, SCHAAL B. The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates. Hausberger M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2009;t 23;4(10):e7579.
MENELLA JA, JAGNOW CP, BEAUCHAMP GK. Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):E 88.
WELGE-LUSSEN A. Ageing, neurodegeneration, and olfactory and gustatory loss. B-ENT. 2009;5(13):129-32.
MURPHY C. Prevalence of Olfactory Impairment in Older Adults. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2307.
NEUMANN D, ZUPAN B, BABBAGE DR, RADNOVICH AJ, TOMITA M, HAMMOND F, ET AL. Affect recognition, empathy, and dysosmia after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(8):1414-20.
CALLAHAN CD, HINKEBEIN J. Neuropsychological significance of anosmia following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(6):581-7.
SIGURDARDOTTIR S, ANDELIC N, SKANDSEN T, ANKE A, ROE C, HOLTHE OO, ET AL. Olfactory Identification and Its Relationship to Executive Functions, Memory, and Disability 1 Year After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuropsychology. 2015, 15; falta volumen(número):páginas.
CALLAHAN CD, HINKEBEIN JH. Assessment of anosmia after traumatic brain injury: performance characteristics of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2002, 17(3):251-6.
NEULAND C, BITTER T, MARSCHNER H, GUDZIOL H, GUNTINAS-LICHIUS O. Health-related and specific olfaction-related quality of life in patients with chronic functional anosmia or severe hyposmia. The Laryngoscope. 2011;121(4):867-72.
GOPINATH B, ANSTEY KJ, SUE CM, KIFLEY A, MITCHELL P. Olfactory impairment in older adults is associated with depressive symptoms and poorer quality of life scores. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19(9):830-4.
WEDDELL RA, LEGGETT JA. Factors triggering relatives' judgements of personality change after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006 ;20(12):1221-34.
DE GUISE E, ALTURKI AY, LAGUË-BEAUVAIS M, LEBLANC J, CHAMPOUX MC, COUTURIER C, ET AL. Olfactory and executive dysfunctions following orbito-basal lesions in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2015;29(6):730-8.
ROBERTS MA, SIMCOX AF. Assessing olfaction following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Appl Neuropsychol. 1996;3(2):86-8.
HUMMEL T, NORDIN S. Olfactory disorders and their consequences for quality of life. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 2005;125(2):116-21.
KATOTOMICHELAKIS M, SIMOPOULOS E, TRIPSIANIS G, PROKOPAKIS E, DANIELIDES G, VELEGRAKIS SG, ET AL. Improvement of olfactory function for quality of life recovery. The Laryngoscope. 2013;123(11):E10-16.
SHU CH, LEE PO, LAN MY, LEE YL. Factors affecting the impact of olfactory loss on the quality of life and emotional coping ability. Rhinology. 2011 ;49(3):337-41.
BLOMQVIST EH, BRÄMERSON A, STJÄRNE P, NORDIN S. Consequences of olfactory loss and adopted coping strategies. Rhinology. 2004;42(4):189-94.
REMOR E. El psicólogo en el ámbito hospitalario [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 Aug 9]. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=854828.
CÁCERES DE, MONTOYA Z, RUIZ AM. Intervención psicosocial para el incremento de la calidad de vida en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico moderado a severo. Rev Colomb Psicol. 2003;12:60-72.
FISCHER ME, CRUICKSHANKS KJ, KLEIN BEK, KLEIN R, SCHUBERT CR, WILEY TL. Multiple sensory impairment and quality of life. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009 ;16(6):346-53.
KERN DW, WROBLEWSKI KE, SCHUMM LP, PINTO JM, MCCLINTOCK MK. Field Survey Measures of Olfaction: The Olfactory Function Field Exam (OFFE). Field Methods. 2014;26(4):421-34.
SIMOPOULOS E, KATOTOMICHELAKIS M, GOUVERIS H, TRIPSIANIS G, LIVADITIS M, DANIELIDES V. Olfaction-associated quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis: adaptation and validation of an olfaction-specific questionnaire. The Laryngoscope. 2012;122(7):1450-4.
DOTY R. Olfaction. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; volumen (número):423-52.
JOINER AM, GREEN WW, MCINTYRE JC, ALLEN BL, SCHWOB JE, MARTENS JR. Primary Cilia on Horizontal Basal Cells Regulate Regeneration of the Olfactory Epithelium. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2015;35(40):13761-72.
BERNINGER B, JESSBERGER S. Engineering of Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016;8(5):páginas.
OAKLEY B, RIDDLE DR. Receptor cell regeneration and connectivity in olfaction and taste. Exp Neurol. 1992;115(1):50-4.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.