Abstract
Postherpetic neuralgia is the primary complication of the herpes zoster (HZ) a condition that usually courses with a rash and neuropathic intensive pain for limited time; despite of this fact there are a large percentage of individuals that present a prolonged pain, which hampers the clinical management, profile considered as PHN. As well as NPH the incidence of HZ has been found to be much higher in elders, this is considered relevant due to the fact that, although the therapeutics available are extensive, none offer 100% efficiency; the pur- pose of this review is to make an analysis of the pharmaceuticals and not pharmaceutical elements available nowadays to manage PHN.
References
VAN WICK AJM, WALLACE M, MEKHAIL N, VAN KLEEF M. Herpes Zoster and Post-Herpetic Neuralgia. Pain Practice. 2011;11:88-97.
DROLET E, BRISSON M, SCHMADER KE, LEVIN MJ, JOHNSON R, OXMAN MN, ET AL. The impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on health- related quality of life: a prospective study. CMAJ. 2010;182.
BARON R, MAYORAL V, LEIJON G, BINDER A, STEIGERWALD I, SERPELL M. 5% lidocaine medicated plaster versus pregabalin inpost-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: an open-label, non-inferiority two-stage RCT study. CMRO. 2009; 25:1663-1676.
KATHERINE E. GALLUZZI, DO, CMD. Managing Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009; 109 (Supl 2):7-12
TOMAZ RG, DE NAZAREHT PEDRAS RB, DA SILVA JF, DE AGUIAR MCF. Sympathetic Nerve Blocks in Mandibular Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neu- ralgia. HEADACHE: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 2007;47:728-730.
SAMPATHKUMAR P, DRAGE LA, MARTIN DP.Herpes Zoster (Shingles) and Postherpetic Neuralgia.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009;84:274-280.
SCHMADER K. Herpes Zoster in Older Adults.Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 32:1481-1486.
DWORKIN RH, GNANN JW JR, OAKLANDER AL, RAJA SN, SCHMADER KE, WHITLEY RJ. Diagno- sis and assessment of pain associated with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Pain. 2008; 9 (Suppl):S37-S44.
GNANN JW JR, WHITLEY RJ. Herpes Zoster. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:340-346.
WOOD MJ, JOHNSON RW, MCKENDRICK MW, TAYLOR J, MANDAL BK, CROOKS J. A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:896-900.
WHITLEY RJ, WEISS H, GNANN JW JR, ET AL. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster: a randomized, placebo- controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:376-383.
LIN PL, FAN SZ, HUANG CH, ET AL. Analgesic effect of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of acute herpes zoster: a double-blind and vehicle- controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:320–325.
OXMAN MN, LEVIN MJ, JOHNSON GR, ET AL.A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and posther- petic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:2271–2284.
OXMAN MN. Immunization to reduce the frequency and severity of herpes zoster and its complications. Neurology.1995; 45 (Suppl):S41–S46.
LEVIN MJ, SMITH JG, KAUFHOLD RM, ET AL.Decline in varicella-zoster virus (VZV)–specific cell-mediated immunity with increasing age and boosting with a high-dose VZV vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188:1336–1344.
TAKAHASHI M, IKETANI T, SASADA K, ET AL. Immunization of the elderly and patients with collagen vascular diseases with live varicella vaccine and use of varicella skin antigen. J Infect Dis. 1992; 166 (Suppl):S58–S62.
LEVIN MJ, BARBER D, GOLDBLATT E, ET AL.Use of a live attenuated varicella vaccine to boost varicella-specific immune responses in seropositive people 55 years of age and older: duration of booster effect. J Infect Dis. 1998; 178 (Suppl):S109–S112.
TRANNOY E, BERGER R, HOLLANDER G, ET AL. Vaccination of immunocompetent elderly subjects with a live attenuated Oka strain of vari- cella zoster virus: a randomized, controlled, dose- response trial. Vaccine. 2000; 18:1700–1706.
NIV D, MALTSMAN-TSEIKHIN A. Postherpetic Neuralgia: The Never-Ending Challenge. Pain Practice. 2005;5:327-340.
PAPPAGALLO M, HALDEY EJ. Pharmacological management of postherpetic neuralgia. CNS Drugs. 2003;17:771-780.
HEMPENSTALL K, NURMIKKO TJ, JOHNSON RW, A’HERN RP, RICE AS. Analgesic therapy in pos- therpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e164.
ROWBOTHAM M, HARDEN N, STACEY B, BERNSTEIN P, MAGNUS-MILLER L. Gabapentin for the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia. JAMA. 1998;280:1837-42.
FRAMPTON JE, FOSTER RH. Pregabalin: In the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia. Drugs. 2005;65:111-118.
ROWBOTHAM MC, REISNER-KELLER LA, FIELDS HL. Both intravenous lidocaine and mor- phine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. 1991; 41:1024.
WATSON CP, BAUL N. Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in posther- petica neuralgia. Neurology.1998; 50:1837-41.
WATSON CP, MOULIN D, WATT-WATSON J, GORDON A, EISENHOFFER J. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomi- zed controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain.2003; 105:71-78.
BOUREAU F, LEGALLICIER P, KABIR-AHMADI M. Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: a rando- mized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2003; 104:323-331.
RAJA SN, HAYTHORNTHWAITE JA, PAPA- GALLO M, CLARK MR, TRAVISON TG, SABEEN S, ET AL. Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2002; 59:1015-21.
WU CL, RAJA SN. An update on the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. J Pain. 2008; 9 (Supl 1):19- 30.
ROWBOTHAM MC, DAVIE PS, VERKEMPINCK C, GALER BS. Lidocaine patch: double-blind con- trolled study of a new treatment method for post- herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1996; 65:39-44.
KHALIQ W, ALAM S, PURI N. Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 18: CD004846.
WATSON CP, TYLER KL, BLICKERS DL, MILIKAN LE, SMITH S, COLEMAN E. A randomi- zed vehicle-controlled trial of topical capsaicin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Ther. 1993;15:510-26.
PASQUALUCCI A, PASQUALUCCI V, GALLA F, ET AL. Prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia: acyclovir and prednisolone versus epidural local anesthetic and methylprednisolone. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44:910–918
VAN WIJCK AJ, OPSTELTEN W, MOONS KG, ET AL. The PINE study of epidural steroids and local anaesthetics to prevent postherpetic neuralgia: a ran- domised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:219–224.
KOTANI N, KUSHIKATA T, HASHIMOTO H, ET AL. Intrathecal methylprednisolone for intractable postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1514– 1519
BARON R, WASNER G. Prevention and treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Lancet. 2006;367:186-188.
WU CL, MARSH A, DWORKIN RH. The role of sympathetic nerve blocks in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Pain. 2000;87:121–129
HARKE H, GRETENKORT P, LADLEIF HU, KOESTER P, RAHMAN S. Spinal cord stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia and in acute herpes zoster pain. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:694–700
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.